Hint: 4. Colonial outposts developed as ports, transports nodes, major manufacturing and tertiary centres and administrative centres. Separate origins of the states as colonies - development of one main centre in each state e. Victoria - Melbourne. Commercial farming system, mechanisation meant ag. Colonial centres became port cities, transhipment points, admin centres and a lack of alternative sites increased their commercial and administrative dominance. Account for the level of urban primacy in terms of economic factors.
Late 19th century railway developed, linked ag. Concentration of pop. Some capitals sought to increase dominance by developing industry e. Perth in '66 - '70 grew due to mineral exploration. Concentration of manufacturing in cities and lack of alternative port sites increased their dominance. Account for the level of urban primacy in terms of demographic factors. Hint: 3. Natural population increase and rural-urban migration contribute to increase in concentration of population in capital cities.
Increasing farm technology, mechanisation and farm amalgamation leads to rural depopulation and farmers are attracted to capital cities by employment.
Migrants enter Australia through capital cities and tend to stay in them due to job opportunities being greater. Account for the level of urban primacy in terms of political factors. Poor environment, housing and living conditions are the main reasons for poor health in urban areas. Contamination of water sources can cause epidemics of waterborne disease. Close proximity to other people can make the spread of many types of infectious disease more likely. The polluted air can also cause respiratory disease and contribute to premature deaths among more vulnerable sections of the population such as older people and children.
Population movements also put pressure on food supplies and on food distribution. As people migrate to the cities, they tend to use purchased food instead of their own crops and this makes them more vulnerable to changes in food prices. As the population grows and the demand for water and land increases, it becomes difficult to increase food production in a sustainable way. The increase in urban demand, combined with a loss of agricultural land, means more pressure on rural people to produce food for the growing number of urban people.
Furthermore, pollution from urban areas can disrupt food supply. For example, fisheries are often damaged by urban domestic wastes and liquid effluents from city-based industries. Effluent is another word for wastewater that flows out from a source. In several Ethiopian cities, such as Bahir Dar, Hawassa, Bishoftu and others, untreated wastes are dumped into nearby lakes, which can damage the fish stocks Figure 5. The process of urbanisation has positive as well as negative economic and social changes.
The positive effects include economic development, and education. However, urbanisation places stresses on existing social services and infrastructure. Crime, prostitution, drug abuse and street children are all negative effects of urbanisation. Also there tends to be a lack of social support for children in school and home by their hard-working, usually poor, parents. Inadequate income, overcrowded housing and poor living conditions create a fertile ground for the development of violence.
Crime in the city can create a sense of insecurity in its inhabitants. This unsafe feeling in city streets separates residential areas into higher-income and lower-income groups, which reduces the sense of community and forms areas with dissimilar incomes, costs and security levels. In the next study session we will look at some of the ways in which these problems and challenges can be addressed by considering the future demands for urban living and by taking a planned approach to the development of new urban areas.
Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. Urbanisation is an ……………… in the number of people living in towns and cities. The two causes of urbanisation are natural population increase and ……………… Urbanisation affects all sizes of settlements from small villages to towns to cities, leading up to the growth of ……………… which have more than ten million people.
Rapid urbanisation often means that ……………… areas immediately around a city grow more rapidly than urban centres and this can lead to development of ………………. The two causes of urbanisation are natural population increase and rural to urban migration.
Urbanisation affects all sizes of settlements from small villages to towns to cities, leading up to the growth of mega-cities which have more than ten million people. Rapid urbanisation often means that peri-urban areas immediately around a city grow more rapidly than urban centres and this can lead to development of slums.
Both push and pull factors drive the migration that leads to urbanisation. In your answer you should state one push factor and one pull factor. Pull factors in migration are factors that attract people to urban areas, e. Push factors in migration are factors that drive people from the countryside, e. Other pull factors that encourage migration to urban areas include better education opportunities, better health care, improved access to social services and opportunities for social and cultural activities.
Other push factors that drive people away from rural areas are poor living conditions, lack of paid employment, poor health care, limited educational and economic opportunities and environmental changes. Is urbanisation increasing faster in developed or developing countries?
How does the rate of urbanisation in Ethiopia compare with other countries? Urbanisation is occurring faster in developing countries, with Africa and Asia showing the highest rates of urbanisation. Do you think that urbanisation is a bad thing or a good thing? Justify your answer by giving two examples of the impacts of urbanisation. You could answer either way — you could view urbanisation either as a good thing or as a bad thing.
You might justify answering that urbanisation is a good thing because, first, it brings together economic and human resources that stimulate the economy through the development of business, science, technology and industry and, second, it is more cost-effective and efficient to supply facilities such as fresh water and electricity to a concentrated population in a city.
Other justifications you might have thought of include the fact that the concentration of people and resources leads to more readily available education, health, social services and cultural activities in cities; urban living is linked with higher levels of literacy and education, better health, lower fertility and a longer life expectancy; there are better communication and transport networks; and social and cultural barriers can be overcome.
You might justify your answer that urbanisation is a bad thing because, first, rapid and unplanned growth in urban areas is associated with inadequate housing, water and sanitation which leads to health problems and, second, it is associated with adverse environmental effects such as reduced water quality, a build-up of waste materials and poor air quality. Other possible reasons you might have thought of include the link between urbanisation and increasing urban poverty and inequality; rises in slum and squatter populations; adverse social effects such as higher levels of crime and violence; and a lack of social support.
Printable page generated Sunday, 14 Nov , Use 'Print preview' to check the number of pages and printer settings. Print functionality varies between browsers. Urbanisation concepts and trends Working Paper. London: IIED. Ravetz J. The dynamics of peri-urbanization. Nilsson et al. Peri-urban futures: Scenarios and models for land use change in Europe pp. London: Springer. Roberts, B. Managing systems of secondary cities: Policy responses in international development.
World urbanization prospects: The revision. Concepts and debates ». Connect with us:. Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. The world's population is growing rapidly and reached 7. The highest rates of population growth are occurring in low income countries LICs , such as Zimbabwe, Malawi and Niger.
Some countries are experiencing population decline, for example Japan, Russia and Ukraine. The number of cities with over 10 million people is increasing.
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